Dutchman

"How to Lose friends and provoke others" is a wonderful tutorial on how to build your own vessel in metropolis and fight city hall. tis a grand inspiration.

Ahoy Daniel- while way past GAOP, this treatise does shed a lot of light on your querry. hope it helps http://books.google.com/books?id=LYFIAAAAYAAJ&dq=Treatise+On+Stay-Sails:+For+The+Purpose+Of+Intercepting+Wind+Between+The+Square-Sails+Of+Ships+And+Other+Square-Rigged+Vessels&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=x4iUYmB9ag&sig=3l6XcBYsPJbgKZhoRf8pWJUQ-0Q&hl=en&ei=9LxPS9-DIc7ZlAeZoPyrCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false

HUZZAH!!!!

hey folks, that's great! We are working with the museum now on registration forms.

oh if we pull this off nearly half as well as its looking, this is going to be a blast! just got a call about saturday nights entertainment!!! i should have an answer tomorrow sometime! mmmmmmm- pig roast too!!

cripes a mighty kid- no one word answers with you around! 1. What is the difference between a jib and a fore staysail? That is, if you had a ship with three triangular sails forward of the foremast, and one person called them (from aft to fore) the inner jib, outer jib, and flying jib, and another person called the same sails the fore staysail, inner jib, and outer jib, is it just a matter of opinion, or is there an objective difference? a lot of the terminology depends on what type of ship its on. if you had a picture to add, it would help us take a look see. Generally, you are not going to see jibs as you are describing until around the end of squaresail era. they are foreward of the mast so they are fore such as... 1 Jib.(outermost) 2 Fore topmast staysail. (middle whos head is connected towards the peak of the topmast with the jib) 3 Fore staysail. (innermost whos head is connected to the lower mast) 2. When were jibs (or fore staysails, if that was what they were first called) first introduced? Harland's Seamanship in the Age of Sail shows the Sovereign of the Seas in 1637 without a jib, and a 1756 warship with a jib. That leaves pretty well the whole GAoP in limbo. Would Morgan's ships have had a jib? Avery's Fancy? Blackbeard's Queen Anne's Revenge? no one really knows the answer to that one. not only is this the GAoP, but its the Golden Age of Sail and Exploration. technology is developing so fast your head will spin. Jibs are lateral sails going against the wind for driving force where the sails located under the bowsprit an era earlier could have been a Spritsail course or Spritsail topsail, with the difference being they are squaresail drivers. You have referenced two completely different ships and try to compare similar sails, unfortunately you can't really do it. 3. How long did the jib and spritsails coexist? I don't think I've ever seen a picture of a ship with a jib and spritsail topmast together. harland has a picture of a 1756 ship which has a jib, a spritsail, and a spritsail topsail, but the spritsail topsail yard is attached to the bowsprit forward of the sprisail yard, not to a separate spritsail topmast. I get the impression that jibs made spritsails obsolete, but I'm not sure how quickly. Jibs didn't make spritsails obsolete as you may be thinking. Rather, hull design, ships abilities and rigging made them obsolete. Square riggers are designed to go down wind best. Generally, they don't point worth a darn. Once working foresails were introduced, wow performance upwind improved. now an important thing to remember is that fore and aft rigs have been around long before squaresails as we are discussing- think chinese junks. Hope this helps a little. I'm sure others will be able to fill in a lot of gaps here.

Sermons rules in favor of Salter's heirs Saturday, January 9, 2010 By Betty Mitchell Gray The state will have to advertise for heirs and comply with their wishes regarding the remains of a man believed to be a member of Blackbeard’s pirate crew following the ruling Friday afternoon by Superior Court Judge Wayland Sermons. In his three page ruling, Sermons stayed an appeal by Raleigh researcher and author Kevin P. Duffus and ordered the state to comply with its own procedures, which require it to publish notice of the excavation of human remains in order to determine the identity or next of kin, or both, of the deceased. Sermons also ordered that the state and Duffus report on the ultimate disposition of the skeletal remains within 60 days. The effect of the ruling will be to return Salter’s remains to Beaufort County within the year, according to Tom Thompson, executive director of the Beaufort County Economic Development Commission. Thompson is one of several Beaufort County leaders who have pressed the state to allow genetic testing on the remains and, if they are proven to be those of Salter, to allow them to be buried in the graveyard of St. Thomas Episcopal Church in Bath, according to Salter’s wishes. “I think we will be burying Edward Salter in Beaufort County in the next 12 months,” he said. “It will be a joyous occasion. . .and it will be an historic occasion.” Sermons’ ruling came three days after a hearing in Beaufort County Superior Court during which lawyers for the state admitted that the state archeologist did not follow proper procedure in 1986 when it unearthed the remains of the man believed to be Edward Salter. Despite that admission, State Archeologist Stephen R. Claggett said under questioning by Sermons that the state’s oversight should not affect the court’s decision regarding the estate of Edward Salter. “There was a tremendous amount of statewide publicity about what we were doing,” he said. The hearing - an appeal of a May 2009 ruling by Clerk of Court Marty Paramore - to determine whether Salter’s estate should be reopened was heard before a crowd of some 40 onlookers. It was scheduled after lawyers for Duffus appealed Paramore’s ruling denying the request to reopen Salter’s estate and appoint Duffus its executor. For more than two hours, lawyers for Duffus and the state first argued whether Sermons should allow new evidence to be presented in the case and, later, whether the estate should be reopened. Duffus believes that this same Edward Salter, a barrel maker who died in 1735, may have been a member of Blackbeard’s pirate crew who escaped the noose and returned to settle in Bath. Salter went on to become a warden of St. Thomas Parish and an assemblyman representing Beaufort County in 1731. The bones of the man believed to be Salter ended up in Raleigh after what was then TexasGulf asked for permission to install a bulkhead on the west bank of Bath Creek. Archeological examinations before the work was done yielded the remains. In an interview Friday afternoon, Duffus said Sermons’ ruling was a “positive development.” “The heirs (of Edward Salter) will have the opportunity to express an opinion as to whether the remains will reside in a box in Raleigh or will be returned for burial to Beaufort County,” he said. “I hope this will lead to a day in the not too distant future that Edward Salter’s dying wish will be honored.”

So its looking like set up thursday. friday is a day of hands on colonial mariners work shops, saturday is living history and mariners olympics, sunday is living history and pack up, monday is pack up and head out. Era span is historical colonial maritime. Landing of Jamestown up to the American Revolution. If it was in the colonies and can relate to maritime history its fair play. the questions are..... what would anyone like to see for work shops and what maritime events would anyone like to see for olympic events, both individual and crew. I think we may have a safe venue for live fire competition!! but don't hold me to it. food...tentative for now- breakfasts seem to be on individuals, lunch on your own or available on grounds for minimal $ and dinners will be on us. Cookie and bill are scheeming about pigs on an open spit. Saturday we're hoping will be a concert of sorts and a benefit auction (i'm gonna steal the dead mans chest theme.) The cost. Provide living history, participate in the workshops, participate or help out with the olympics, have fun and enjoy yourself. Vending..... I don't want people to make a long trip expecting to sell lots o stuff, there will be reenaqctors and public and we know how the public likes to spend money on reenactors stuff!. I'm thinking one or two sutlers and blanket trading for individuals who wish -as long as its period and a % is provided to the cause. any thoughts or suggestions? edit** the "cause" is CSF and in particular monies will go towards the reconstruction of Luna.

i ended up with a pair from a fella who suffered the gout after ordering them and couldn't get them on his feet. According to the size, they are one too big for me but they are a perfect fit for my odd feet. the down side is they look HUGE.

and an update..... hey kevin, when is the next hearing? Lawyers: State erred in Salter-remains case By BETTY MITCHELL GRAY Staff Writer Published: Wednesday, January 6, 2010 2:19 AM EST http://www.wdnweb.com/articles/2010/01/06/news/doc4b43de1cba167833702890.txt Lawyers for the state acknowledged in a special session of Beaufort County Superior Court on Tuesday that the state archeologist did not follow proper procedure in 1986 when the archeologist unearthed the remains of a man believed to be a member of Blackbeard’s pirate crew. Karen A. Blum, an assistant attorney general, told Superior Court Judge Wayland Sermons that the state had not published notice of the excavation of the remains, as required by state law to determine the identity or next of kin — or both — of the deceased. State Archeologist Stephen R. Claggett said, under questioning by Sermons, that the state’s oversight should not affect the court’s decision regarding the estate of Edward Salter. “There was a tremendous amount of statewide publicity about what we were doing,” he said. Sermons said he will file a written decision in the case. He asked the public not to contact him about the case before he rules in the matter. “A long time has passed since 1986,” Sermons said at the conclusion of the hearing. “The court is not going to decide this case today.” The hearing — an appeal of a May 2009 ruling by Clerk of Court Marty Paramore — to determine whether Salter’s estate should be reopened was heard before a crowd of some 40 onlookers. It was scheduled after J. Erik Groves, a lawyer for Kevin P. Duffus, appealed Paramore’s ruling denying the request to reopen Salter’s estate and appoint Duffus, a Raleigh researcher and author, its executor. For more than two hours, lawyers for Duffus and the state first argued whether Sermons should allow new evidence to be presented in the case and, later, whether the estate should be reopened. During the hearing, Sermons allowed into evidence to pieces of information that, he said, could play a role in his decision-making process. He allowed Groves to admit evidence, stipulated to by the state’s lawyers, that the state archeologist had not properly advertised its discovery of the remains in order to find descendants of the man believed to be Salter. State law requires the state archeologist to “publish notice that excavation of the remains has occurred, at least once per week for four successive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the county where the burials or skeletal remains were situated.” Groves told the court that “the state archeologist shouldn’t be allowed to come into the court room with unclean hands.” Sermons also allowed into evidence a memorandum from the state stating that the older of two burial sites uncovered in the 1986 excavation is “thought to be that of Edward Salter Sr.” “Having these two items on the record changes the playing field slightly,” he said from the bench. Sermons called for testimony from Claggett, questioning him about the procedures the state follows when unidentified remains are uncovered and the state’s interest in preserving the remains of the man believed to be Salter. “Does the state have an interest in preserving the remains?” Sermons asked. The state could gain “a tremendous amount of information from studying the remains,” Claggett said. “We have looked as these remains with an eye to applying new techniques up to and including DNA analysis.” Sermons asked Claggett about possible DNA tests that could be performed on the remains. “If this sort of analysis is done, it would have to be done very carefully,” Claggett said. Sermons asked, “Is DNA necessary to determine whether the next of kin are entitled to the body?” “No,” Claggett replied. Sermons then asked, “Is there an interest by the state such that the state would fight to keep the bones against the wishes of the next of kin?” “No,” Claggett replied. Under questioning, Claggett told Sermons that he believes the state is keeping the remains in a public location with the proper acknowledgement of their historical importance “Obviously, that doesn’t return whoever was slumbering on the banks of Bath Creek to a decent internment,” he said. According to court documents, Duffus wants to be the Salter estate’s executor, in part, so that genetic testing can be done by East Carolina University on the skeletal remains, which are currently housed by the Office of State Archaeology in Raleigh and which he believes to be those of Salter. During questioning by Groves, Claggett said that DNA testing would not positively confirm the identity of the remains. “There is always margin for error,” Claggett said. Sermons asked Groves if he and Duffus had taken the wrong legal approach by trying to open Salter’s estate if their ultimate goal was to gain possession of the bones believed to be those of Salter. “If you allow us to open up the estate of Edward Salter, you give us a vehicle to go after the bones,” Groves said. “You give us legal standing.” He said that in the years since Salter’s death, the number of people claiming to be next of kin would be unmanageable for the state to deal with in the matter and that Duffus should be appointed a personal representative of those next of kin who have come forward to date. Blum said the Department of Cultural Resources, which oversees the state archeologist, is not trying to interfere with the reopening of the estate but “is the proper custodian of these remains.” Sermons asked Blum, “Would the state require every possible next of kin to deal the state archeologist” in the disposition of Salter’s remains? Blum said, “No.” Sermons then asked, “300 years is a long time to create progeny. Would not a personal representative of the heirs be helpful” in the matter? Blum said the statute requires the state archeologist to work with “the next of kin.” Duffus believes that this Edward Salter, a barrel-maker who died in 1735, may have been a member of Blackbeard’s pirate crew who escaped the noose and returned to settle in Bath. Salter went on to become a warden of St. Thomas Parish and an assemblyman representing Beaufort County in 1731. The bones of the man believed to be Salter ended up in Raleigh after what was then Texasgulf (now PotashCorp Aurora) asked for permission to install a bulkhead on the west bank of Bath Creek. Archeological examinations before the work was done yielded the remains in 1986. In an interview after the hearing, Duffus said he was pleased that Sermons allowed the new evidence to be entered into the court record. “I’m very satisfied that the court allowed us to supplement the evidence, and I’m please that it was allowed into evidence that the state has believed these remains to be Edward Salter since 1986,” he said. “Unfortunately, we don’t yet know the conclusion of the court.” Sermons could rule to grant Duffus’ appeal and reopen the estate or he could stay Duffus’ appeal while the state advertises for Salter’s heirs to come forward.

huzzah!! great photos jamaica! i love josh and the evils.. just one question though. I know she's mine and i love her dearly, but what the heck is grace doing in the ballet series?

this has been a great thread. i've added a few things to the box o fire and still figuring out how to effectively use a couple of them. i'm still having a hard time getting the flint to land where i want it in the tinder. mary- looking at the spill plane- it wouldnt be hard to do. the body can be made of wood and any blade would work. it's the angle of set and pitch in the throat that is needed. if we can figure that part out, I'd put the shipwright on it for you. He would probably have it done in ten minutes. talented bugger.......

ahhh- for men... that brought up my next question. does anyone have any clear pics of a man with one and what size it would be. I found a small grainypic on costumers manifesto, but it was a hurry search while gettin ready forwork.

oh how did i miss this one! NOOO!!! Oreo really is a good bird!!!! IM TELLING YOU CRUDBEARD. FOR THE LAST TIME HE'S A BAD BIRD, BAD BAD BIRD!!

oh boy- that one will get sensored. the only thing he let out was his trip to the local mall for research. he asked a woman at the fur shop if he could see hers and she smacked him. was my fault though. I told him they probably had some he could see and handle to get an idea for his... obviously didn't go so well.

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post thought. I've got a length of canvas that was used by the sailmaker that just redid the rags for godspeed and one of the Eagles sails. Its about the closest match that's out there for period sail cloth material. its machine made instead of hand loomed though so the weave wont be the same. unfortunately I don't remember a darned thing about the manufacturer except it was a custom job from germany originally for the royal navy for one of their old girls. a merchant was able to jump in on the order and have more made after the navy contract was filled, but the machines were still set. It will take me a week or so to get to the farm and find it.

The wight of the canvas varies on the suit of sail, same as now. take a look at the two descriptions below. Below those is a description of Canvas dimensions and grade per the royal navy. I'm still trying to figure out what it's made of though. Hope it helps. FORE-COURSE. This sail is quadrilateral, square on the head, and made of canvas No. 1 or 2. It is bent, at the head, to the fore-yard, which hangs to the fore-mast at right angles with the ship's length, and parallel to the deck. This sail extends within 18 inches of the cleats on the yard-arms, and drops to the main-stay at the foot. SLOOP'S JIB. This sail is triangular, made of canvas No. 2 to 6, and is sometimes bent to hanks on the stay before the fore-sail. The depth of the leech is one yard for every cloth in the foot, and the foot is nude wide enough to spread the bowsprit. CANVAS. For the royal navy, canvas or sail-cloth is 24 inches wide; and 38 Yards are called a bolt. To distinguish the different qualities, each bolt is numbered, and should weigh as follows; No. 1, 44 lb. No. 2, 41; No. 3, 38; No. 4, 35; No. 5, 32; No. 6, 29; No. 7, 24; and, No. 8, 21 pounds: from No. 1 to 6 is termed double, and above No. 6 single, canvas. -- and a picture

the four folks by the tree were on a gun crew next us on sundays battle. yellowbeard maybe????? they are Civil War regulars at the fort apparently but i don't know if they are BIBs.

i'll start. what sort of crew are we talking, merchant, navy or pirate? crew size depends on the size of the ship and type of guns, not just # of guns. a ten gunner on carriages if done properly would need four crew per gun and a monkey. as opposed to ten rail guns which would only need one or two. Then the captain, the navigator, the bosun ,the surgeon, the cook, the master at arms, the carpenter, the sail master, stivadors, midshipmen, forecrew, top crew, a steward . . . . . . reality. . . . navy, as above if fully crewed and probably some i forgot merchant- figure minimal crew needed and just a cuple guns worth of dedicated gunners if they are running, they are only going to use one side of battery at a time more than likely. pirate- fill her with crew till she sinks, but still rough to say. BB was reported to have 400 under his command at one point in the fleet, but had around 20 at ocracoke on a bermuda sloop that was probably in the 50 to 70 foot range. do an online search for A Seamans Grammar by Capt. John Smith- there is a downloadable version that will have a lot of crew specific info that should help you out. what ya workin on?

here ya go. i've got a drawing somewhere that outlines all the bits and pieces described. i'll have to get home to find it. GENERAL RULES AND DIRECTIONS FOR SAIL-MAKING. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INSTRUCTIONS FOR CUTTING OUT SAILS. SAILS are cut out cloth by cloth. The width is governed by the length of the yard, gaff, boom, or stay; the depth by the heighth of the mast. The width and depth being given, find the number of cloths the width requires, allowing for seams, tabling on the leeches, and slack cloth; and, in the depth, allow for tabling on the head and foot. For sails cut square on the head and foot, with gores only on the leeches, as some topsails, &c. the cloths on the head, between the leeches, are cut square to the depth; and the gores on the leeches are found by dividing the depth of the sail by the number of cloths gored, which gives the length of each gore. The gore is set down from a square with the opposite selvage, and, the canvas being cut diagonally, the longest gored side of one cloth makes the shortest side of the next; consequently, the first gore being known, the rest are cut by it. For the length of gores corresponding to the depth on the selvage, see the Table of Gores annexed to these directions. In the leeches of topsails cut hollow, the upper gores are longer than the lower ones; and, in sails cut with a roach leech, the lower gores are longer than the upper ones. This must be regulated by judgment, and care taken that the whole of the gores do not exceed the depth of the leech. Or, by drawing on paper the gored side of the sail, and delineating the breadth of every cloth by a convenient scale of equal parts of an inch to a foot, the length of every gore may be found with precision. In the subjoined plates of sails, the gore is marked on every cloth. Sails, gored with a sweep on the head or the foot, or on both, have the depth of their gores marked on the selvage, from the square of the given depth on each cloth, and are cut as above; the longest selvage of one serving to measure the shortest selvage of the next, beginning with the first gored cloth next the middle, in some sails, and the first cloth next the mast leech, in others. For those gores that are irregular no strict rule can be given; they can only be determined by the judgment of the sail-maker, or by a drawing. In the royal navy, mizen topsails are cut with three quarters of a yard hollow in the foot; but, in the merchant-service, top and topgallant sails are cut with more or less hollow in the foot. Flying jibs are cut with a roach-curve on the stay, and a three-inch gore in each cloth, shortening from the tack to the clue. Lower studding-sails are cut with square leeches, and topmast and topgallant-mast studdingsails with goring leeches. For the cutting of all other sails, we refer to the particular description of each sail, and to the annexed Tables of Dimensions. The length of reef and middle bands is governed by the width of the sail at their respective places; the leech-linings, buntline-cloths, top-linings, mast-cloths, and corner-pieces, are cut agreeably to the depth of the sail; each cloth and every article should be properly marked with charcoal, to prevent confusion or mistake. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 92 Sails that have bonnets are cut out the whole depth of the sail and bonnet included, allowing enough for the tablings on the foot of the sail and head and foot of the bonnet. The bonnet is cut off after the sail is sewed together. If a drabler is required, it is allowed for in the cutting out the same as the bonnet. INSTRUCTIONS FOR SAIL-MAKING. SEAMS. Sails have a double flat seam, and should be sewed with the best English-made twine of three threads, spun 360 fathoms to the pound, and have from one hundred and eight to one hundred and sixteen stitches in every yard in length. The twine for large sails, in the royal navy, is waxed by hand, with genuine bees-wax, mixed with one sixth part of clear turpentine; and, for small sails, in a mixture made with bees wax, 4 1b; hogs lard, 5 lb; and clear turpentine, 1 lb. In the merchant-service, the twine is dipped in tar, softened with a proper proportion of oil. It is the erroneous practice of some sail-makers not to sew the seams any farther than where the edge is creased down for the tabling; but all sails should be sewed quite home to the end, and, when finished, should be well rubbed down with a rubber. In the merchant-service, seams are sometimes made broader at the foot than at the head, being stronger. Broad seams are not allowed to be made on courses, in the royal navy, but goring leeches are adopted in lieu of them. Boom-mainsails and the sails of sloops generally have the seams broader at the foot than at the head. The seams of courses and topsails are stuck or hitched up, in the middle of the seams, along the whole length, with double seaming-twine; and have from 68 to 72 stitches in a yard. In the merchant-service, it is common to stick the seams with two rows of stitches, when the sail is half worn, as they will then last till the sail is worn out. The breadth of the seams of courses, topsails, and other sails, in the royal navy, to be as follow, viz. courses and topsails, for 50 gun ships and upwards, one inch and a half, and, for 44 gun ships and under, one inch and a quarter, at head and foot: all other sails, one inch at head and foot. TABLINGS. The tablings of all sails are to be of a proportionable breadth to the size of the sail, and sewed at the edge, with 68 to 72 stitches in a yard. Those for the heads of main and fore courses to be four to six inches wide; for sprit courses and mizens, drivers, and other boom-sails, 3 to 4 inches wide; for topsails, 3 inches to 4 inches and a half; topgallant and sprit topsails, 3 inches; royal sails, 2 inches and a half; jib and other staysails, 3 inches to 4 inches and a half, on the stay or hoist; and, for studding-sails, 3 inches to 4 inches on the head. Tablings on the foot and leeches of main and fore courses to be 3 inches to 5 inches broad; sprit course and topsails, 3 inches; topgallant and sprit topsails, 2 inches and a half; royals, 2 inches: fore leeches of mizen, driver, and other boomsails, 3 inches and a half to 4 inches; after leech, 3 inches; and on the foot 2 or 3 inches. Tablings on the after leech of jibs and other staysails to be from 2 to 3 inches broad; and, on the foot, 2 to 2 inches and a half: on studding-sail leeches one inch and a half to two inches and a half; and, on the foot, from one to two inches. LININGS. Main and fore courses are lined on the leeches, from clue to earing, with one cloth, seamed on, and stuck, or stitched, in the middle; and have a middle-band half-way between the lower reef-band and the foot; also four buntline-cloths, at equal distances between the leeches, the upper-end of which -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93 are carried under the middle-band, that the lower side of the band may be tabled upon, or sewed over, the end of the buntline-pieces. They have likewise two reef-bands; each, in breadth, one third of the breadth of the canvas; the upper one is one sixth of the depth of the sail from the head, and the lower band is at the same distance from the upper one; the ends go four inches under the leech linings, which are seamed over the reef-bands. All linings are seamed on, and are stuck, with 68 to 72 stitches in a yard. Main, fore, and mizen, topsails have leech linings, mast and top linings, buntline-cloths, middle bands and reef bands. The leech linings are made of one breadth of cloth, so cut and sewed as to be half a cloth broad at the head, and a cloth and a half broad at the foot; the piece cut our being half the breadth of the cloth at one end, and tapering to a point at the other. The middle-bands are put on half-way between the lower reef and foot; the buntline-cloths join the top-linings; and the buntline-cloths and top-linings are carried up to the lower side of the middle band, which is tabled on them. The mast-lining is of two cloths, and extends from the foot of the sail to the lower reef, to receive the beat or chafe of the mast. The middle-band is made of one breadth of canvas, of the same number as the toplining. It is first folded and rubbed down, to make a crease at one third of the breadth; then tabled on the selvage, and stuck along the crease; then turned down, and tabled and stuck through both the double and single parts, with 68 to 72 stitches in a yard. It is the opinion of many, that middle-bands should not be put on until the sail is half worn. Main and fore topsails have three and sometimes four reef-bands from leech to leech, over the leech linings; the upper one is one eighth of the depth of the sail from the head, and they are the same distance asunder, in the royal navy, but more in the merchant-service. The reef-bands are each of half a breadth of canvas, put on double; the first side is stuck twice, and the fast turned over so that the reef-holes may be worked upon the double part of the band, which is also stuck with 68 to 72 stitches in a yard. The toplining of topsails is of canvas, No. 6 or 7. The other linings of this, and all the linings of other sails, should be of the same quality as the sails to which they belong. Top-linings and mast-cloths are put on the aftside, and all other linings on the fore-side, of sails. Mizens are lined with one breadth of cloth from the clue five yards up the leech, and have a reef-band sewed on, in the same manner as on other sails, at one fifth the depth of the sail from the foot; they have also a nock-piece and a peek-piece, one cut out of the other so that each contains one yard. Mizen topsails, of 50 gun ships and upwards, have three reefs, the upper one is one eighth of the depth of the sail from the head, and the reefs are at the same distance asunder. Mizen topsails, of ships of 44 guns and under, have two reefs one seventh part of the depth of the sail asunder, the upper one being at the same distance from the head. Main and main top studding-sails have each one reef, at one eighth of the depth of the sail from the head. Reef-bands should not be put on until the sail is sewed up, a contrary practice being very erroneous. Lower staysails, fore top and main top staysails, and flying jibs, have clue-pieces two yards long. Square tack-staysails have half a breadth of cloth at the fore part, with a clue-piece containing two yards, and a peek-piece, containing one yard. HOLES are made by an instrument called a pegging awl, or a stabber, and are fenced round by stitching the edge to a small grommet, made with log or other line; when finished, they should be well stretched or rounded up by a pricker or a marline-spike.

Tis up and running. also here is the set list The Luna- Cindy Warner Strike the Bell- Cindy, TJ Savage and Mike Steen Bloody well dead- clan mccool Sams gone away -Kimbers men Paddy Lay Back- Bob Zentz, Tom Lewis, Rick Lee Blood and Gold Make Roses Grow- Skip Henderson Donkey Riding- The ships Company To Sea- Janie Meneely & Paul DiBlasi Twiddles- Janie Meneely, Clan McCool Kelly's Jig- Clan McCool Rummer the Rum Runner- The Brigands Old Moke- The Ships Company Paddy West- Rusty Cutlass All For Me Grog- Rusty Cutlass The Hempen Jig- The Brigands Fhir Abhata- Cindy and Johnny Mitchell Jug of Punch- TJ & Robin welsh FireMarengo- The Roving Tarrs Far and Away- Crested Hen Sailing time- Tom Lewis, Bob Zentz and Rick Lee

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who's gettin upset. i love saying things like that just to rile little ole gray hairs.

it does :) great, yet another word to add to my dictionary of period words that make mothers cringe.