High Seas' Etymologies

[Spydre Rogue]

Arr...

Lest ye fergit (er ne'er knew) here be a few terms ye've all pro'lly heard in ev'ryday yusage wot came more properly from nautical origins. I tracked this listin' down as proper spoiles o' th' internet:

Over the Barrel -

The most common method of punishment aboard ship was flogging. The unfortunate sailor was tied to a grating, a mast or over the barrel of a deck cannon.

To Know the Ropes -

There was miles and miles of cordage in the rigging of a square rigged ship. The only way of keeping track of and knowing the function of all of these lines was to know where they were located. It took an experienced seaman to know the ropes.

Dressing Down -

Thin and worn sails were often treated with oil or wax to renew their effectiveness. This was called "dressing down". An officer or sailor who was reprimanded or scolded received a dressing down.

Footloose -

The bottom portion of a sail is called the foot. If it is not secured, it is footloose and it dances randomly in the wind.

Booby Hatch -

Aboard ship, a booby hatch is a sliding cover or hatch that must be pushed away to allow access or passage.

First Rate -

Implies excellence. From the 16th century on until steam powered ships took over, british naval ships were rated as to the number of heavy cannon they carried. A ship of 100 or more guns was a First Rate line-of-battle ship. Second rates carried 90 to 98 guns; Third Rates, 64 to 89 guns; Fourth Rates, 50 to 60 guns. Frigates carrying 20 to 48 guns were fifth and sixth rated.

Pipe Down -

Means stop talking and be quiet. The Pipe Down was the last signal from the Bosun's pipe each day which meant "lights out" and "silence".

Chock-a-block -

Meaning something is filled to capacity or over loaded. If two blocks of rigging tackle were so hard together they couldn't be tightened further, it was said they were "Chock-a-Block".

Leeway -

The weather side of a ship is the side from which the wind is blowing. The Lee side is the side of the ship sheltered from the wind. A lee shore is a shore that is downwind of a ship. If a ship does not have enough "leeway" it is in danger of being driven onto the shore.

Windfall -

A sudden unexpected rush of wind from a mountainous shore which allowed a ship more leeway.

Groggy -

In 1740, British Admiral Vernon (whose nickname was "Old Grogram" for the cloak of grogram which he wore) ordered that the sailors' daily ration of rum be diluted with water. The men called the mixture "grog". A sailor who drank too much grog was "groggy".

Three Sheets to the Wind -

A sheet is a rope line which controls the tension on the downwind side of a square sail. If, on a three masted fully rigged ship, the sheets of the three lower course sails are loose, the sails will flap and flutter and are said to be "in the wind". A ship in this condition would stagger and wander aimlessly downwind.

Pooped -

The poop is the stern section of a ship. To be pooped is to be swamped by a high, following sea.

As the Crow Flies -

When lost or unsure of their position in coastal waters, ships would release a caged crow. The crow would fly straight towards the nearest land thus giving the vessel some sort of a navigational fix. The tallest lookout platform on a ship came to be know as the crow's nest.

Buoyed Up -

Using a buoy to raise the bight of an anchor cable to prevent it from chafing on a rough bottom.

By and Large -

Currently means in all cases or in any case. From the nautical: by meaning into the wind and large meaning with the wind: as in, "By and Large the ship handled very well."

Cut and Run -

If a captain of a smaller ship encountered a larger enemy vessel, he might decide that discretion is the better part of valor, and so he would order the crew to cut the lashings on all the sails and run away before the wind. Other sources indicate "Cut and Run" meant to cut the anchor cable and sail off in a hurry.

In the Offing -

Currently means something is about to happen, as in - "There is a reorganization in the offing." From the 16th century usage meaning a good distance from shore, barely visible from land, as in - "We sighted a ship in the offing."

Skyscraper -

A small triangular sail set above the skysail in order to maximize effect in a light wind.

The Bitter End -

The end of an anchor cable is fastened to the bitts at the ship's bow. If all of the anchor cable has been payed out you have come to the bitter end.

Toe the Line -

When called to line up at attention, the ship's crew would form up with their toes touching a seam in the deck planking.

Back and Fill -

A technique of tacking when the tide is with the ship but the wind is against it.

Overhaul -

To prevent the buntline ropes from chaffing the sails, crew were sent aloft to haul them over the sails. This was called overhauling.

Slush Fund -

A slushy slurry of fat was obtained by boiling or scraping the empty salted meat storage barrels. This stuff called "slush" was often sold ashore by the ship's cook for the benefit of himself or the crew. The money so derived became known as a slush fund.

Bear Down -

To sail downwind rapidly towards another ship or landmark.

Under the Weather -

If a crewman is standing watch on the weather side of the bow, he will be subject to the constant beating of the sea and the ocean spray. He will be under the weather.

Overreach -

If a ship holds a tack course too long, it has overreached its turning point and the distance it must travel to reach it's next tack point is increased.

Gone By the Board -

Anything seen to have gone overboard or spotted floating past the ship (by the board) was considered lost at sea.

Above Board -

Anything on or above the open deck. If something is open and in plain view, it is above board.

Overwhelm -

Old English for capsize or founder.

Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea -

The devil seam was the curved seam in the deck planking closest to the side of the ship and next to the scupper gutters. If a sailor slipped on the deck, he could find himself between the devil and the deep blue sea.

The Devil to Pay -

To pay the deck seams meant to seal them with tar. The devil seam was the most difficult to pay because it was curved and intersected with the straight deck planking. Some sources define the "devil" as the below-the-waterline-seam between the keel and the the adjoining planking. Paying the Devil was considered to be a most difficult and unpleasant task.

Rummage Sale -

From the French "arrimage" meaning ship's cargo. Damaged cargo was sold at a rummage sale.

A Square Meal -

In good weather, crews' mess was a warm meal served on square wooden platters.

Son of a Gun -

When in port, and with the crew restricted to the ship for any extended period of time, wives and ladies of easy virtue often were allowed to live aboard along with the crew. Infrequently, but not uncommonly, children were born aboard, and a convenient place for this was between guns on the gun deck. If the child's father was unknown, they were entered in the ship's log as "son of a gun".

Overbearing -

To sail downwind directly at another ship thus "stealing" or diverting the wind from his sails.

Taking the wind out of his sails -

Sailing in a manner so as to steal or divert wind from another ship's sails.

Let the Cat Out of the Bag -

In the Royal Navy the punishment prescribed for most serious crimes was flogging. This was administered by the Bosun's Mate using a whip called a cat o' nine tails. The "cat" was kept in a leather or baize bag. It was considered bad news indeed when the cat was let out of the bag. Other sources attribute the expression to the old english market scam of selling someone a pig in a poke(bag) when the pig turned out to be a cat instead.

No Room to Swing a Cat -

The entire ship's company was required to witness flogging at close hand. The crew might crowd around so that the Bosun's Mate might not have enough room to swing his cat o' nine tails.

Start Over with a Clean Slate -

A slate tablet was kept near the helm on which the watch keeper would record the speeds, distances, headings and tacks during the watch. If there were no problems during the watch, the slate would be wiped clean so that the new watch could start over with a clean slate.

Taken Aback -

A dangerous situation where the wind is on the wrong side of the sails pressing them back against the mast and forcing the ship astern. Most often this was caused by an inattentive helmsman who had allowed the ship to head up into the wind.

At Loggerheads -

An iron ball attached to a long handle was a loggerhead. When heated it was used to seal the pitch in deck seams. It was sometimes a handy weapon for quarrelling crewmen.

Fly-by-Night -

A large sail used only for sailing downwind and requiring rather little attention.

No Great Shakes -

When casks became empty they were "shaken" (taken apart) so the pieces, called shakes, could be stored in a small space. Shakes had very little value.

Give (someone) a Wide Berth -

To anchor a ship far enough away from another ship so that they did not hit each other when they swung with the wind or tide.

Cut of His Jib -

Warships many times had their foresails or jib sails cut thinly so that they could maintain point and not be blown off course. Upon sighting thin foresails on a distant ship a captain might not like the cut of his jib and would then have an opportunity to escape.

Garbled -

Garbling was the prohibited practice of mixing rubbish with the cargo. A distorted, mixed up message was said to be garbled.

Press Into Service -

The British navy filled their ships' crew quotas by kidnapping men off the streets and forcing them into service. This was called Impressment and was done by Press Gangs.

Touch and Go -

This referred to a ship's keel touching the bottom and getting right off again.

Scuttlebutt -

A butt was a barrel. Scuttle meant to chop a hole in something. The scuttlebutt was a water barrel with a hole cut into it so that sailors could reach in and dip out drinking water. The scuttlebutt was the place where the ship's gossip was exchanged.

Be feelin' footloose an' fancy-free, ta add ter th' list; fer by an' large, if'n yer post be not too garbled, then a welcome addition t'will be!

-Spydre

__________________

[raises a mug of rum and begins to sing] Nows I be th' spyder o' th' sea; an' ships wot falls in me web must suffer th' likes o' a rogue sich as me...!

[PyratePhil]

Thank ye kindly, Spydre, fer yer postin'. 'Tis a true treasure fer a word-lover like me!

[Katarina Leigh]

Aye! Thank ye Spydre. I enjoyed them very much.

[John Maddox Roberts]

A couple more:

"Loose cannon" in a rough sea a cannon could burst its breechings and then you had a ton or more of metal and wood on wheels careening around. Itr could crush people and even, if it dropped down a hatch could possibly go out through the bottom and sink the ship. Now used to mean a wildly out of control person.

I don't know if the following is true, but it should be: A cannonball rack that went around a mast was called a "monkey." The holes in the monkey were just slightly smaller than the circumference of the shot for secure seating. Cannonballs were iron. If the monkey was iron, no problem. But sometimes it was brass. Brass and iron shrink with cold at different rates, brass more slowly. In very cold weather, the iron shot could contract enough to fall through onto the deck. Thus it was literally "cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey."

[Creed]

"Over the Barrel", aye, how I miss the days of floggin'. I be knowin a few of me mates who be needin' one now an again.

[Spydre Rogue]

Arr...

Here be another:

Arsenal -

Part of a dockyard that serves as a warehouse for naval military stores and weapons.

Originally from the Arabic, dar-as-sina, meaning house of industry/construction. It was borrowed by the Spanish and Italians as darsena, and used as the general term for any dock. The Navy of Venice appropriated the term as the name for their dockyard, altering it slightly to Arzenale.

Venice had one of the most formidable navies of the day and the Arsinale was synonomous with naval power. William Thomas said of it in his History of Italy, 1549, “The Arsenale in myne eye excedeth all the rest: For there they haue well neere two hundred galeys..." Eventually the word came to be used for all military naval docks and ports in general, and then specifically to just the weapons storage area of those docks; finally today it may be applied to any collection of weapons whatsoever.

-Spydre

[Zephyr]

Oh ye' wordy darlin's, any familiar with O' Brians books? I've been hoping to get a explaination on the terms (and related actions) involved in raising the anchor....

[Desert Pyrate]

What d'ye need to know?

[Zephyr]

What d'ye need to know?

Thank you , I will look through the books and find the marvelous paragraphs replete with nautical terms about raising the anchor, most of which left me with a confused picture of what was actually taking place, though I seem to remember it had something to do with"fishing a cat" (or "catting a fish".....), it may be a bit before Ibook-the section. I hope to reread them one day, researching anything not quite as I progress.....

[Cire]

Zephyr, you aren't a real life Stephen Maturin are you?

[Grendle]

Pure brillyance. The cat nay got yer tongue, me bully. Yer right up, ship shape and bristol fashion, by gum. A tug o' the forelock to ye, sar, and now I'd better get on an even keel before I keel over and ye be forced to keelhaul me. Or just keel me daid.

[Zephyr]

Zephyr, you aren't a real life Stephen Maturin are you? 

Ah, flatted...........lots of interest, much less courage and education (sigh)

an' less insight, I still be trying to grasp whot the Grendle be speaking about? Ye got a clue? I fail to savvy the subject but I think we should keel-haul 'm anyway. Have you notice a trend toward incoherency in the pub? Who's been making the rum these days? Are they using Stynkys shirt in the tea again?

[the Royaliste]

A ye, Zephyr!!!...The anchor is raised after waring ship to be over it and not have to pull the weight of the ship on the capstan. Then once the bower breaks the water on the main cable, the anchor is grabbed with a line that has a hook in it. This is 'fishing' the anchor..Once it be grabbed, then a multiple part block reeved up on the 'cathead' is fastened to the hook and overhauled to lift the anchor up to the rail. Then, another bit 'o reevin' with a short member fastens the flukes, the cathead is tightened, and the cable generally freed. With the anchor thus stowed, it is 'catted and fished'....

[Zephyr]

Excellent!

so the capstan is worked on the upper deck but the anchor cable is raised to a ......(is the capstan the part with the the "spokes" (bars?) or is it he term for the entire mechansim, what is the part of it that continues below the upper deck called and how many decks does it continue through (generally)).... the lower deck....but the capstan is used for other duties so the anchor cable is not kept on the capstan...coiled on another deck......?

"bower" is the main anchor? or a part of the anchor?

and "waring", how would it be defined compared to other words describing movement of the ship (or boat)

thank you kind Sir, Z

Royaliste's Dictionary of Phrase and Cable

[the Royaliste]

The capstan is just an old-fashioned winch of sorts, so it be used several ways, but primarily to raise the anchors. Largest is on stb'd, the 'best' or main bower, and least,or secondary bower on lab'd.(port). After the anchors are catted and fished, the cable (hawser or rode) is stored below decks in the lockers for such...Capstans or windlass by design are all a bit different, but there be no need for excess penetration in the scantlings below deck.....Waring ship is what period vessels do as compared to modern vessels preparing to jibe. All to do with wind usage.

[Zephyr]

Thank you again, and the scantlings are?......

1. A timber of relatively small cross section. 2. Such timbers collectively. 3. The width and thickness of a timber. 4 A small quantity or amount.

From Middle English "scantilon", from Old English "scantillon" meaning "gauge".

I've found a directory of the non-English word in O' Brians books, is there a list of the period nautical or nautical terms?

[Sir Eric]

Reviving an old thread instead of creating a new one... besides, the nature of my question fits here best... hope someone can help.

A buddy of mine found an article that described the origin of the Cat-o-nine-tails as the following:

Since ancient times ships have always carried a cat on board to control the vermin on board. However on some ships the cat was also used as a form of punishment for the crew. The cat was swung by it's tail across the victims back, it's claws leaving deep cuts. By the 17th century this practice was banned by law as being too cruel to the cat. From then on a type of whip was used instead, with nine leather thongs studded with iron, which left deep wounds across the back.

For some reason I just couldn't buy this... firstly because the style of whip or flogger has been around for millenia, and secondly because I couldn't see anyone winging a live cat around by the tail for more than a few seconds before the flogger was almost as bloody as the flogee. So I did some counter research and found this:

. The cat-o’-nine-tails once used in the British army and navy is no longer employed there, but garotters and some other offenders are still scourged. Probably the punishment was first used on board ship, where ropes would be handy, and several ropes are called cats, as “cat-harpings,” for bracing the shrouds, “cat-falls,” which pass over the cat-head and communicate with the cat-block, etc.

Which sounds more reasonable. Now I turn to you, and ask... who can tell me the etymology for the term "cat-o-nine-tails"?